APA和MLA参考文献格式?范 - sssssssss

留学生都知道，在写作英文?文的?候，是无法避免使用参考文献的。但要注意，引用?人的文献一定要加以注明，不然会被??是剽窃。而参考文献的引用格式有MLA、APA和Chicago Manual Style。下面就?大家介?一下APA和MLA参考文献的格式?范。

APA参考文献格式,MLA参考文献格式,essay代写,assignment代写,留学生作?代写

一、引文的格式

引文的格式可采用文中?注、脚注和尾注的形式。MLA和APA格式不采用脚注或尾注，而使用文中?注的形式，MLA格式要求?明作者的姓和?数，它?之?没有逗号。APA要求括号里?明作者姓名、出版日期，引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。

1. 文中?注（Parenthetical Citation）

1）引文?短?，要用双引号括起来，引文与正文融?一体。如果作者已在文中出?，注?中就不再列作者的名字。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that “ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”（1985:7）

APA和MLA格式有?些不同

引用整篇文献（即全?或全文）?点?有??情况，一?是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出?，以下是一些案例??，完整版可以通?底部下?通道下?！

如：MLA：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).

APA：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). ?一?情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出?，按MLA的?范不需要使用括号?

注，如：MLA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 而按APA的?范?没有必要在括号?注中重?作者的姓，

如：APA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).

如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年?均已在正文同一句中出?，按APA的?范不需使用括号?注，如：APA：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

在英文撰写的?文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号?注中只需用???音?明作者的姓氏，不得使用?字，

如：MLA：(Zhu 12)

APA：(Zhang, 2005)

2）当引文???（四行或超?四行），引文要?起一段，??五个空格，不用引号。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning（O’Malley et al 1985a: 577）.

3）多个作者在第二次被提到?可用第一个作者的姓加et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized（Brown et al.1978）.

4）引文是翻?材料?要注明最初出版??和翻???。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.

（Osthoff and Brugman 1878（1967）：204）

2. 脚注（Footnotes）

脚注写在??最后一行下面数四行的位置。如果??有?个以上的脚注，脚注之?需要隔行。在正文中的引?（直接或?接）?的上方?上阿拉伯数字，脚注也?上相?的数字。注?要包括作者姓名、?名、出版地、出版社、出版??及??。

1. The materials used in the class consisted of two texts−a vocabulary building text and an advanced reading text−and the SRA Kit2

2. SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to 12. The kit contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on reading and study skills.

3. 尾注（Endnotes）

尾注要?起一?，放在?章的最后一?，?上Notes,隔行打印。引??的上方要?上阿拉伯数字，尾注也同??出相?的数字。

Notes

1. Emily Bronte（Ellis Bell, pseud.）, Wuthering Heights（London, 1850）.

2. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no. 28（1979）:22.

二、参考文献（Bibliography）

APA格式建?使用references一?。当使用references?，列出的作者和作品一定是在文中提到?的。Bibliography可包括文中提到的作者或作品，也包括相?的??的材料。MLA形式要求用List of Works Cited。

参考文献的条目要按字母?序排列，不用阿拉伯数字?示。隔行打印。?个条目要从左?始，同属一个作者?，后面几行要??三个空格。

?目的写法包括四?：作者、日期、?名和出版社。作者?里先写出作者的姓，名字用首字母，名和姓?用逗号隔?。如果超??个作者，最后一个作者前用&，所有的作者的姓和名都要?倒。

APA形式把日期放在名后，其前后都有句号。?名的第一个字母要大写，用斜体或下??。如果有小??，用冒号把大??和小??隔?。

Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MLA也包括?四?，只是?序不同。它的??放在后面。当有?个以上的作者?，只?倒第一个作者的名字。

Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985

在?注?志或期刊?，注明年月，年在前，月在后，由逗号隔?。月?要求会?。??的第一个字母要大写，用?引号。?要提供具体的?数。

Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22

Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an

undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.

Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter（eds.）: Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press.（?文集中的一篇）

MLA形式要求??的所有?的首字母大写。

摘引??：

Greene, Bob.“What’s Bad For General Motors?”. Chicago Tribune 24 December, 1991:2.1（MLA格式）

以上就是?于APA和MLA参考文献的格式?范，同学?在引用参考文献的?候一定要注意格式，不然后果非常?重。